Journal articles: 'Taro – Yields' – Grafiati (2024)

Abstract:

Taro leaf blight (TLB), caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora colocasiae, is a worldwide disease that threatens the sustainable cultivation of the tropical root crop taro (Colocasia esculenta). To evaluate taro germplasm from Asia, Hawai‘i, and several South Pacific Islands for resistance to TLB, 119 cultivars were planted along the Hamakua Coast of Hawai‘i (mean annual rainfall of 130 inches) in plots containing five or 10 plants that were replicated over time from 1993 through 2005. Fresh and dry weights of corms were measured after about nine months, with rotten portions removed and weighed. When epidemics of TLB occurred (in nine out of 12 years), visual estimates of disease severity on leaves were assessed using a modified Horsfall–Barratt scale. The correlations between mean dry weight yields for each cultivar and mean severity of TLB, and, respectively, between mean yields and mean severity of corm rots were calculated. As severity of TLB or severity of corm rots increased (suggesting increased susceptibility of particular cultivars to TLB or corm rots), mean dry weight yields decreased significantly (r2 = 0.37 and 0.22, respectively). “Multiple comparisons with the best” (MCB) were conducted on fresh and dry weight yields, severity of TLB, severity of corm rots, percentage dry matter of corm, and consumer acceptance. Five cultivars were found to be “among the best” with: 1) fresh or dry weight yields that did not differ from the highest level; 2) severity ratings for TLB that were significantly lower than the highest level, suggesting TLB resistance; and 3) percentage of corm rots that were lower than the highest level, suggesting disease resistance. These cultivars, four of which originated from Palau, were Dirratengadik, Merii, Ngesuas, Ochelochel, and Sawa Bastora. Two commercial cultivars from Hawai‘i, Bun Long and Maui Lehua, had fresh and dry weight yields that were significantly lower than the maximum and severity of TLB injury that did not differ from the highest level, indicating that conventional breeding of taro to improve TLB resistance could improve yields of commercial taro cultivars, particularly in areas where epidemics of TLB occur.

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Although several studies about intercropping green manures with vegetable crops have already been carried out, there are few studies in which the economic analysis was performed. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the economic profitability of the taro and Crotalaria juncea consortium, as well as broccoli, green maize and snow pea grown in succession. The treatments correspond to 10 different cutting dates of the sunn hemp during its intercropping with taro (55, 70, 85, 100, 115, 130, 145, 160, 190 and 220 DAS-days after sowing), plus the monoculture of the taro. Under the legumious cover crop straw were grown in succession: broccoli, green maize and snow pea. The use of Crotalaria juncea in a consortium does not affect the productivity and economic profitability of the taro when cutting up to 130 DAS. The residual effect of Crotalaria juncea grown in consortium with taro increases the economic yield of broccoli when the cutting is performed from 145 DAS. However, it does not affect green maize and snow pea. When the taro is cultivated intercropped with Crotalaria juncea and in succession broccoli, green maize and snow pea are grown, higher yields and economic incomes are obtained by cutting the leguminous green manure up to 130 DAS.

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A study was conducted in three agro ecological zones of Samoa to compare the dry matter yields and nutrient uptake of selected tropical cover crops and biochar application on different Samoan inceptisols. Subsequent improvements in corm yield of the two taro cultivars, (Samoa 1 and Samoa 2), under these fallow systems were also determined. The split-plot arrangement with main plots as cover crops and subplots as the cultivars was used, with four replications. The evaluated cover crops included: a reference – grass fallow treatment (farmers practice), Mucuna pruriens, Erythrina subumbrans, Mucuna pruriens + 200 kg of NPK fertiliser (12-5-20), farmer’s reference practice + 400 kg of NPK fertiliser (12-5-20), and biochar produced from coconut shells. The biomass samples were collected after the six month of fallow duration. Plant tissue analyses revealed that the nitrogen and the phosphorus contents of erythrina was higher than corresponding mucuna cover across all three sites. However, as a result of higher biomass production, Mucuna pruriens showed the highest nutrient accrual over the six month fallow duration. The general yield trend under different fallow practices across all the sites indicates that mucuna with modest supplementation of complete fertilisers can help maintain optimum taro yields. However, it appears that the yield responses of the taro crop to fallow treatments are site-specific.

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ABSTRACT The growth and yield of taro plants can be influenced by the planting material used, and the use of improper types of planting material can cause plants to be unproductive according to potential yields. The use of planting materials derived from tubers is expected to increase the yield of taro. This study aims to determine the best type of planting material to increase the yield of taro. The experiments were carried out in the villages of Antirogo, Sumbersari, Jember, East Java with an altitude of ± 89 meters above sea level starting in April 2018 to October 2018. The experiment used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) method with 2 treatment factors. Factor 1 is the type of planting material (B), B1: Bulbs; B2: Puppies; B3: Stolon. Factor 2 is taro variety (V), V1: Green Taro; B2: Brown Taro; B3: Purple Line Green Taro. Each repeated 4 times. The results showed that there was an interaction between the use of different types of planting material and varieties that had an effect on tuber weight per plant. The type of planting material has a significant effect on the number of tillers, leaf area, tuber weight, and tube diameter. Varieties significantly affect all observed variables. The treatment that gave the best results was planting material from tubers (B1) and Purple Line Green taro varieties (V3) with tuber yield per plant 362.58 grams (± 14.5 tons/ha). Keywords: taro, planting material, varieties ABSTRAK Pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman talas dapat dipengaruhi oleh bahan tanam yang digunakan, dan penggunaan macam bahan tanam yang kurang tepat dapat menyebabkan tanaman tidak produktif sesuai dengan hasil potensial. Penggunaan bahan tanam yang berasal dari umbi diharapkan dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan hasil talas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan macam bahan tanam terbaik untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan hasil talas. Percobaan dilakukan di desa Antirogo, Sumbersari, Jember, Jawa Timur dengan ketinggian ± 89 mdpl dimulai pada bulan April 2018 sampai Oktober 2018. Percobaan menggunakan metode Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan 2 faktor perlakuan. Faktor 1 yaitu macam bahan tanam (B), B1: Umbi; B2: Anakan; B3: Stolon. Faktor 2 yaitu varietas talas (V), V1: Talas Hijau; V2: Talas co*klat; V3: Talas Hijau Garis Ungu. Perlakuan diulang sebanyak 4 kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat interaksi antara penggunaan macam bahan tanam dan varietas yang memberikan pengaruh terhadap bobot umbi per tanaman. Macam bahan tanam berpengaruh nyata terhadap jumlah anakan, luas daun, bobot umbi, dan diameter umbi. Varietas berpengaruh nyata terhadap seluruh variabel pengamatan. Perlakuan yang memberikan hasil terbaik yaitu bahan tanam dari umbi (B1) dan varietas talas Hijau Garis Ungu (V3) dengan hasil bobot umbi per tanaman 362,58 gram (±14,5 ton/ha). Kata kunci : talas, bahan tanam, varietas

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ABSTRACT Response of taro to amount of nitrogen applied and time of application has been the subject of discussion. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen topdressing on taro yield. Two experiments were conducted in Oratórios - MG from September 2010 to July 2011 (Year 1) and from September 2011 to July 2012 (Year 2). Both experiments were arranged in a randomized block design, with four replications. The treatments consisted of five N rates (0; 40; 60; 80 and 160 kg ha-1) applied as topdressing at urea form. The corms of Japanese clone (BGH 5925) were planted in the 0.90 x 0.30 m spacing. In the two experimental years, yield increased in almost all corm classes with the increase in N rates. The estimated maximum yields of marketable corms were 22.23 Mg ha-1 in Year 1 and 9.81 Mg ha-1 in Year 2, with 109 and 118 kg ha-1 of N, respectively. The total number of corms per plant was similar in both years (16.45 corms/plant in Year 1 and 17.76 corms/plant in Year 2). Unmarketable corms represented 35.32 and 46.51% of the total per plant, in Year 1 and Year 2, respectively, indicating less corm growth in Year 2. The curve of taro response to topdressing N rates was similar in the two years and, the estimates were influenced by the difference in rainfall between the years. With the management of nitrogen fertilization, the maximum yield of marketable taro corms was achieved with N rates varying from 109 to 118 kg ha-1.

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Abstract This study evaluated the effects of irrigation water management techniques on the growth and yield parameters of madumbe (Colocasia esculenta) irrigated with anaerobic filter (AF) effluent. The irrigation water management treatments considered were alternate wetting and drying (AWD), continuous flooding irrigation (CFI) and wetting without flooding (WWF). It was hypothesized that irrigation techniques with anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) effluent have a significant effect on the growth and yield of madumbe. The effects of the treatments were significant (P < 0.05) on the number of irrigation events, amount of irrigated water and daily water balance. The treatments had no effect on the growth parameters (plant height, leaf number and leaf area index (LAI) (P > 0.05)). The treatments effects were, however, highly significant (P < 0.001) on the yield components (biomass, corm mass, corm number, corm size, harvest index), corm yield and water productivity (WP). AWD treatments had the highest WP. The highest average corm yields of 7.5 and 9.84 t/ha for WWF treatments for 2017 and 2018 seasons were obtained. It is concluded from this study that both AWD and CFI resulted in yield reduction compared with WWF, and as such, is not recommended to improve the productivity of madumbe.

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RELATIONSHIP USING LEARNING MEDIA WITH SELF CONCEPTThe aim of this study is to determine the relationship between the use of learning media and self-concept. The research approach uses quantitative with correlational study methods. The study data was obtained using a questionnaire tool for both variables. The validity test of the use of instructional media and self-concept tools was calculated using the Pearson Product Moment formula and the reliability coefficient was calculated using the Cronbach Alpha formula. The population consisted of VA, VB and VC students from the District 2 Primary School. A sample of 48 students was obtained using the Taro Yamane formula. Testing the analysis requirements in the form of normality tests (Liliefors). After the normality test is performed, a hom*ogeneity test is then performed (Fisher). Data declared normal and hom*ogeneous are used to test hypotheses, the results of which indicate that the use of instructional media has a positive and significant relationship with self-concept. Statistical analysis yields a correlation coefficient (rxy) of 0.69, which means that the relationship level is classified as strong and a count of 8.80 is higher than ttable with a significant level of 0.05 of 2.021, meaning significant. It can therefore be concluded that there is a positive and significant relationship between the use of instructional media and the self-concepts of students.

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Nigeria is the world’s largest producer of yam, cassava, cocoyam/taro, beans/cowpea, egusi/melon seeds and among the largest producers of groundnut/peanut, plantain, corn/maize and ugwu/pumpkin leaves. These food crops generate unavoidable food wastes that can contribute to environmental degradation through unsanctioned waste disposal methods. Such food wastes can be utilised as feedstock for the anaerobic digestion (AD) process to produce renewable energy. In order to determine the suitability of the food wastes as biofuel feedstock, they were experimentally analysed. Their waste content was determined, characterised and used to evaluate their bio-methane potential. The tests were performed using standard proximate analytical methods while the bioenergy potential of the samples was determined using the Baserga model. Results indicated a specific waste index range of 0.2–1.5, with corn having the highest waste proportion. The proximate analysis results of the wastes were within the range of common AD feedstocks such as energy crops and plant by-products. The bio-methane potentials of the samples varied widely with results ranging from 35–460 m3 tonne−1 on fresh weight and (5.4–6.2) × 105 m3 kg−1 on volatile solid basis. The methane potential varied between 51% and 58% of produced biogas. The energy potential of the food wastes was 31 TWh yr−1 which can make a substantial contribution to the bioenergy production of the country and meet up to the energy demand of 4.7 × 107 Nigerian households. Further studies would be required to determine the actual biogas yields of the food wastes.

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ABSTRAKPenelitian ini merupakan penelitian dengan pendekatan kausal.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh literasi informasi terhadap efektivitas belajar siswa. Data penelitian ini diperoleh dengan menggunakan kuisioner berskala lima untuk variabel literasi informasi dan efektivitas belajar siswa. Uji validitas instrumen literasi informasi dan efektivitas belajar siswa dihitung menggunakan rumus Koefisien Korelasi Product Moment Pearson dan untuk koefisien reliabilitas dihitung menggunakan rumus Alpha Cronbach. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas V Sekolah Dasar Negeri Sukmajaya 5 Kota Depok yang berjumlah 143 siswa. Sampel yang diambil 60 siswa yang diperoleh menggunakan rumus Taro Yamane. Pengujian prasyarat analisis berupa uji normalitas (Liliefors). Setelah dari uji normalitas kemudian dilakukan pengujian hom*ogenitas (Fisher). Data yang sudah dinyatakan normal dan hom*ogen digunakan untuk menguji hipotesis yang hasilnya menunjukan terdapat pengaruh literasi informasi terhadap efektivitas belajar siswa. Teknik analisis regresi korelasi sederhana menghasilkan suatu model hubungan yang dinyatakan dalam bentuk persamaan regresi yaitu ? = X, dengan harga fhitung sebesar 25,21 lebih besar dari ftabel dengan taraf nyata 0,05 sebesar 4,01, dan konstribusi berdasarkan hasil penelitian sebesar 30%.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian di atas, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh literasi informasi terhadap efektivitas belajar siswa kelas V di Sekolah Dasar Negeri Sukmajaya 5 Kota Depok tahun pelajaran 2017/2018.Kata kunci :Literasi Informasi, Efektivitas Belajar Siswa.ABSTRACTThe study classified as research approach causal. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of information literacy on the effectiveness of student learning. The data of this study were obtained by using a five-scale questionnaire for the variable literacy of information and the effectiveness of student learning. Test the validity of the instrument of information literacy and student's effectiveness is calculated using Product Moment Pearson Correlation Coefficient formula and for reliability coefficient calculated using Cronbach Alpha formula. The population in this study are the students of grade V of State Elementary School Sukmajaya 5 Depok City, amounting to 143 students. Samples taken by 60 students were obtained using Taro Yamane formula.Testing of prerequisite analysis in the form of normality test (Liliefors). After the test of normality then carried out testing hom*ogeneity (Fisher). Data that has been expressed normal and hom*ogeneous is used to test the hypothesis that the results show there is influence of information literacy on the effectiveness of student learning. The technique of simple correlation regression analysis yields a relationship model which is expressed in the form of regression equation that is ? = 49,97+0,56X, with price fcount 25,21 bigger than ftabel with real level 0,05 equal 4,01, and contribution based on research results of 30%.Based on the results of the above research, it can be concluded that there is impact of information literacy on the effectiveness of class V study at Primary School Sukmajaya 5 Depok year 2017/2018.Keywords :Information Literacy, Student Effectiveness.

Abstract:

Taro corm is consumed in Haiti as a sustain against malnutrition, but no study was so far reported about Haitian taro. An ongoing breeding program, aimed at supporting corm production, includes the present investigations on taro. Eleven taro accessions sampled in 9 departments of Haiti were tested at Torbeck from January to August 2018. Seven variables were considered and treated with SPSS. Significant (p < 0.05) differences appeared for three of the seven considered traits. Corm marketable yield varied from 2.97 to 12.79 t/ha (p<0.05), the locations with the largest yield being Coteaux (South department, 12.79 t/ha), Petite- Riviére de Nippes (Nippes department, 7.56 t/ha) and Jacmel (South East department, 7.01 t/ha). Corm marketable yield was significantly (p < 0.001) and directly related with weight of corm per plant (ρ = 0.999), leaf length (ρ = 0.924) and leaf width (ρ = 0.795). Haitian taro cultivars were divided in three separate clusters. The largest differences concerned taro accessions from Grande Rivière du Nord and Coteaux. The results of this study show that accessions from Coteaux, Petite Riviére de Nippes and Jacmel should be recommended in the plant selection program to increase corm production in Haiti.Keywords: Taro, marketable yield, diversity, cultivars, Haiti.

Abstract:

Thermal and functional properties of starch extracted from American taro and Indian shot were determined to assess their use in food products. Starch was extracted by the wet-milling method. Physicochemical composition was determined following the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (AOAC) protocols. Total fibre was measured by the Total Dietary Fiber Assay Kit. The morphology of starch granules was observed by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). Gelatinization temperature and viscosity were measured by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and with a rapid viscosity analyser (RVA), respectively. Swelling capacity, solubility index, and absorption index were measured at 15, 60, 70, 80, and 90 °C. The yield for Indian shot (72.5 %) was higher of that for taro (60.2 %). No significant differences (p &gt; 0.05) were found for moisture, ashes, total fibres, and protein; significant differences were found for fat content, total carbohydrates, amylose, and amylopectin. Granules of Indian shot starch featured ovoid shapes (diameter, 30 µm), while granules of American taro starch presented round shapes (diameter, 15 µm. Gelatinization temperature for American taro (78.33 °C) was higher of that for Indian shot (65.28 °C). Maximum viscosity in Indian shot (3,535.5 cP) was higher of that in American taro (2,446.5 cP). Concerning functional properties, Indian shot starch yielded higher values. Moreover, at high temperature values, American taro starch presented better gelling results than those in Indian shot.

Abstract:

Azolla (Azolla filiculoides) is a floating fern that maintains a symbiotic relationship with an N-fixing blue-green algae. In many parts of Asia, azolla is used as a green manure in flooded rice cultivation. Taro (Colocasia esculenta) grown under flooded conditions is used to produce a traditional Hawaiian staple, poi. Azolla has been present in Hawaii for many years, but is not used in a controlled way for either nutrient augmentation of production sites or weed suppression. In this experiment, azolla was removed from a stream on the island of Kauai and multiplied in a nursery pond. Phosphoric acid was added to the nursery pond as a nutrient (P = 5 ppm) at 5-day intervals to accelerate azolla growth. Azolla was moved from the nursery pond and added to taro production plots at a seeding rate of 488 kg·m–2. Phosphoric acid was used in production plots to hasten coverage of the water surface by azolla. Ten days after azolla inoculation, production plots were covered and taro seed pieces were planted. Weed dry weights from conventional and azolla covered plots were recorded 91 days after taro planting. Taro corms were harvested 315 days after planting. Weed dry weight in azolla plots was 86% less than conventional plots. Azolla delayed taro maturity, causing a 41% reduction in marketable corm yield.

Abstract:

Abstrak. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian dosis pupuk fosfor dan kalium serta interaksi keduanya terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman talas. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kebun Percobaan 2 dan Laboratorium Fisiologi Tumbuhan Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Syiah Kuala Darussalam Banda Aceh dari bulan Februari sampai Agustus 2018. Unit-unit penelitian disusun berdasarkan Rancangan Acak Kelompok pola faktorial 3x3 dengan 3 ulangan dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Beda Nyata terkecil taraf 5% pada hasil uji F yang signifikan. Adapun faktor yang diteliti adalah dosis pupuk fosfor 3 taraf yaitu 100, 200 dan 300 kg SP36 ha-1 dan dosis kalium 3 taraf yaitu 200, 300, dan 400 kg KCl ha-1. Dosis fosfor berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap jumlah daun tanaman talas umur 2 dan 10 MST serta bobot umbi basah dan berpengaruh nyata terhadap tinggi tanaman umur 2 MST, bobot berangkasan basah, dan jumlah umbi tanaman talas. Pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman talas terbaik dijumpai pada dosis pupuk fosfor 200 kg ha-1. Dosis kalium berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap jumlah daun tanaman umur 2 MST dan berpengaruh nyata terhadap bobot berangkasan basah tanaman talas. Pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman talas terbaik dijumpai pada dosis kalium 300 kg ha-1. Terdapat interaksi yang tidak nyata antara perlakuan dosis fosfor dan dosis kalium terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman talas.The Effect of Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilizer Doseson the Growth and Yield of Taro Plants (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott var. Antiquorum)Abstract. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of dosing phosphorus and potassium fertilizers as well as their interactions with the growth and yield of taro plants. This research was carried out in Experimental Garden 2 and Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala Darussalam University, Banda Aceh from February to August 2018. The research units were compiled based on Randomized Block Design 3x3 factorial pattern with 3 replications and continued with Real Difference test Honest level of 5% on significant F test results. The factors studied were the dosage of phosphorus fertilizer with 3 levels, namely 100, 200 and 300 kg ha-1 and potassium doses with 3 levels namely 200, 300, and 400 kg ha-1. The dosage of phosphorus had a very significant effect on the number of leaves of taro plants aged 2 and 10 MST and the weight of wet tubers and significantly affected plant age 2 MST, wet weighted weight, and the number of taro tubers. The growth and yield of taro plants are best found at a dose of 200 kg ha-1 phosphorus fertilizer. The dosage of potassium fertilizer had a very significant effect on the number of plant leaves aged 2 MST and had a significant effect on the wet weight of taro plants. Growth and yield of taro plants are best found at potassium doses of 300 kg ha-1. There were no significant interactions between the treatment of phosphorus doses and potassium doses on the growth and yield of taro plants. Abstract. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of dosing phosphorus and potassium fertilizers as well as their interactions with the growth and yield of taro plants. This research was carried out in Experimental Garden 2 and Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala Darussalam University, Banda Aceh from February to August 2018. The research units were compiled based on Randomized Block Design 3x3 factorial pattern with 3 replications and continued with Real Difference test Honest level of 5% on significant F test results. The factors studied were the dosage of phosphorus fertilizer with 3 levels, namely 100, 200 and 300 kg ha-1 and potassium doses with 3 levels namely 200, 300, and 400 kg ha-1. The dosage of phosphorus had a very significant effect on the number of leaves of taro plants aged 2 and 10 MST and the weight of wet tubers and significantly affected plant age 2 MST, wet weighted weight, and the number of taro tubers. The growth and yield of taro plants are best found at a dose of 200 kg ha-1 phosphorus fertilizer. The dosage of potassium fertilizer had a very significant effect on the number of plant leaves aged 2 MST and had a significant effect on the wet weight of taro plants. Growth and yield of taro plants are best found at potassium doses of 300 kg ha-1. There were no significant interactions between the treatment of phosphorus doses and potassium doses on the growth and yield of taro plants.

Abstract:

Taro [Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott] is a root crop which is an important staple food in many regions of the world, producing 10.5 million tonnes on 1.4 million hectares a year. The crop is cultivated in wet (rain fed) or irrigated conditions, requiring on average 2,500 mm water per year, and in many countries it is cultivated in flooded plots. It is estimated that taro production could decrease by 40% as a result of the increase in drought and other severe events. In this work, thirty three accessions, including local cultivars, selected and hybrid lines were submitted to long duration drought stress and screened for tolerance. Twelve physiological, morphological and agronomic traits were measured at harvest, and subject to multivariate analysis. Stress indices, Water Use Efficiency and Factorial Analysis were useful for discriminating accessions regarding drought tolerance and yield stability, and drought tolerant and susceptible cultivars were identified. Our results confirm that different taro cultivars have different drought avoidance and tolerance strategies to cope with water scarcity. Better yield performers minimised biomass and canopy loss, while tolerance was observed in cultivars that presented low potential yield, but efficiently transferred resources to enhance corm formation. Among the 33 accessions, two local cultivars showed high yield stability and could be considered as suitable parents for breeding programs, while two others are well adapted to drought, but with overall low yield potential.

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Taro [Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott] corms from 57 vegetatively propagated cultivars were evaluated for yield, physical and chemical characteristics, and either microwaved, microwaved and ground into poi, or fried. Poi color ranged from purple to orange or yellow and the dry matter content from 18.3 to 48%. The taste panel preferred poi made from a number of other cultivars than that made from the most common cultivar `Lehua Maoli' used in Hawaii, and a darker bluish-red poi was preferred. Corm total soluble solids were positively correlated to corm specific gravity and dry matter, and to the taste preference of microwaved corm and poi. The fried cultivars varied widely in yield and corm color varied from cream to white. Additionally, some cultivars did not have purple vascular bundles, and others were acrid after frying. Chip oil content was negatively correlated to corm weight, dry weight, and chip yield. The `Bin Liang' cultivar was judged the best overall in fried chip taste. Considerable variation in corm yield and quality characteristics existed in this widely cultivated vegetatively propagated tropical crop.

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ABSTRACT An extensive literature has established that the synthesis of wall teichoic acid in Bacillus subtilis is essential for cell viability. Paradoxically, we have recently shown that wall teichoic acid biogenesis is dispensable in Staphylococcus aureus (M. A. D'Elia, M. P. Pereira, Y. S. Chung, W. Zhao, A. Chau, T. J. Kenney, M. C. Sulavik, T. A. Black, and E. D. Brown, J. Bacteriol. 188:4183-4189, 2006). A complex pattern of teichoic acid gene dispensability was seen in S. aureus where the first gene (tarO) was dispensable and later acting genes showed an indispensable phenotype. Here we show, for the first time, that wall teichoic acid synthesis is also dispensable in B. subtilis and that a similar gene dispensability pattern is seen where later acting enzymes display an essential phenotype, while the gene tagO, whose product catalyzes the first step in the pathway, could be deleted to yield viable mutants devoid of teichoic acid in the cell wall.

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Genotypic and phenotypic character associations as well as direct and indirect effects were estimated for eleven characters such as plant height, petiole length, petiole breadth, leaf area index, inflorescence length, spathe length, spathe breadth, corm length, corm breadth, corm weight and yield per plant, in giant taro (Alocasia macrorrhiza L). The results revealed that plant height, LAI, corm length, corm breadth, had positive correlation with yield per plant both at genotypic and phenotypic level. Relatively higher positive and direct effect was found through petiole length, LAI and corm length and yield per plant in genotypic level. The residual effect 0.4762 represent in genotypic level about 53 % of the variability observed for yield per plant was represented by these traits. In the phenotypic level highest and positive direct effect was observed with petiole length and yield per plant. Positive direct effect was also found on yield per plant by plant height, petiole length, inflorescence length, inflorescence number, spathe length and spathe breadth, corm length, corm breadth. The residual effect 0.4235 means that characters included in the present study explained about 58 % variability in yield per plant at phenotypic level.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 50(2), 117-122, 2015

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Taro leaf blight disease, caused by Phytophthora colocasiae, is a major limiting factor in taro production worldwide. P. colocasiae is an aerial pathogen similar to P. infestans, causal agent of potato late blight disease, but occurs in warmer climates. In the year-round subsistence cropping systems of the Pacific Islands, resistant cultivars are essential. Breeding lines from Southeast Asia and Oceania were tested in American Samoa for resistance to taro leaf blight using a detached-leaf bioassay and field trials. Mean lesion diameters from bioassays were highly correlated with field estimates of the number of healthy leaves per plant and yield (corm weight). However, the bioassay did not adequately assess infection efficiency. Additional experiments revealed that attached leaves had smaller lesion diameters than detached leaves incubated in closed containers, but both were very highly correlated. Taro resistance increased with plant age and the second-oldest leaf was more resistant than the third-oldest leaf. The bioassay was a fast, space-saving, effective method of screening taro lines for post-penetration resistance to P. colocasiae. It also provided an easily standardized method of evaluating host–pathogen interactions under controlled conditions.

Abstract:

The experimental studies were conducted in 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 crop seasons, in order to know the agro-economic yield of 'Chinês' and "Macaquinho" taro clones, propagated using huge, extra, large, medium, small and tiny cormels. The harvest was done on average on 202 days after planting, in three crop seasons. Based on the joint analysis of variance carried out, it was observed that taro clones showed significant differences in the yield of fresh and dry weight of leaves, cormels, and commercial and non-commercial comels; besides, there were significant differences in yield of a crop season to another and the size of the cuttings induced significant differences in yield. In the conditions that the experiments were conducted, and considering the highest average yield of fresh weight of commercial cormels (28.69 t.ha-1) and highest net income (US $14,741.14) correspondent to the three crop seasons, it is recommended to cultivate 'Macaquinho' clone using small cuttings in propagation.

Abstract:

Abstrak. Talas (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott var. Antiquorum) merupakan tanaman pangan yang dapat dikonsumsi oleh masyarakat. Kompos adalah bahan organikk yang dapat memperbaiki sifat fisika, biologi dan kimia tanah. Pupuk KCl dapat membantu dalam pembesaran umbi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian dosis kompos dan pupuk KCl serta interaksi keduanya terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman talas. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kebun Percobaan II dan Laboratorium Fisiologi Tumbuhan Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Syiah Kuala Darussalam Banda Aceh, yang dilaksanakan pada bulan Maret sampai Agustus 2018. Rancangan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok Pola Faktorial 3 x 3 dengan 3 ulangan. Adapun faktor yang diteliti adalah dosis kompos dengan 3 taraf yaitu 20, 30 dan 40 ton ha-1 dan dosis pupuk KCl dengan 3 taraf yaitu 200, 300, dan 400 kg ha-1. Parameter yang diteliti yaitu tinggi tanaman dan jumlah daun pada umur 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, dan 12 MST, diameter batang pada umur 12 MST, bobot berangkasan basah, bobot berangkasan kering, bobot umbi basah, jumlah umbi dan diameter umbi. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji F, dilanjutkan dengan uji BNT pada taraf 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dosis kompos berpengaruh nyata terhadap jumlah daun tanaman talas pada umur 2 dan 10 MST, bobot umbi segar, dan jumlah umbi tanaman talas. Pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman talas terbaik dijumpai pada dosis kompos 40 ton ha-1. Dosis pupuk KCl berpengaruh nyata terhadap tinggi tanaman talas umur 2 MST, jumlah daun tanaman talas umur 4 MST, bobot berangkasan basah, bobot umbi basah dan jumlah umbi tanaman talas,. Pertumbuhan tanaman talas terbaik dijumpai pada dosis pupuk KCl 300 kg ha-1 dan hasil tanaman talas terbaik dijumpai pada pada dosis pupuk KCl 400 kg ha-1.The Effect Of Compost and KCl fertilizer on the Growth and Yield of Taro Plants (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott var. Antiquorum) Abstract. Talas (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott var. Antiquorum) is a food crop that can be used by the community. KCl fertilizer can help in enlarging tubers. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of fertilizer and KCl fertilizers and interactions on growth and yield of taro plants. This research was conducted at Experimental Garden II and Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala Darussalam University, Banda Aceh, which was held from March to August 2018. The design used in this study was a Factorial 3 x 3 Randomized Group Design with 3 replications. The factors examined were compost doses with 3 levels, namely 20, 30 and 40 tons ha-1 and KCl fertilizer dosages with 3 levels, namely 200, 300, and 400 kg ha-1. The parameters studied were plant height and number of leaves at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 MST, stem diameter at age 12 MST, wet weighted weight, dry weighted weight, wet tuber weight, number of tubers and tuber diameter. The data obtained were analyzed using the F test, followed by the LSD test at the level of 5%. The results showed that compost dosage was as significant as the number of leaves of taro plants at age 2 and 10 MST, weight of fresh bulbs, and the number of taro tubers. Growth and yield of taro plants at a temperature level of 40 tons ha-1. The results showed that the dose of KCl fertilizer significantly affected the height of taro plants aged 2 MST, the number of leaves of taro plants aged 4 MST, wet weighted weight, weight of tubers and the number of taro tubers, and not even on plant heights of 4, 6 8, 10, and 12 MST, number of leaves aged 2, 6, 8, 10 and 12 MST, stem diameter, dry weight, and tuber diameter of taro plants. The best growth of taro plants when the fertilizer dose of KCl 300 kg ha-1 fertilizer and the results of the best taro plants found at the time of heating KCl 400 kg ha-1 fertilizer.The Effect Of Compost and KCl fertilizer on the Growth and Yield of Taro Plants (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott var. Antiquorum)

Abstract:

An experiment was carried out in Magé, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, to evaluate the performance of taro (Colocasia esculenta) intercropped with sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea), used as green manure. A randomized blocks design with four replicates was used and the soil of the field plots was classified as Haplic Gleysol. Treatments consisted of taro (1) intercropped with unpruned sunn hemp, (2) intercropped with sunn hemp cut at soil level, (3) intercropped with sunn hemp pruned at its mid-height, and (4) in monoculture. The taro was planted in double rows spaced by 1.0 m. The planting furrows had a space of 0.5 m, with rhizomes placed at every 3.0 m. The experimental plot consisted of four 3.0 m rows and the useful area corresponded to the five central plants in each of the two central rows. The sunn hemp was sown in parallel lines in the spaces between the taro double rows, 120 days after planting the taro. When the sunn hemp was cut at soil level, an accumulation of 211 kg ha-1 of N was observed. Besides this, the sunn hemp's biomass promoted the cycling of an average 17 kg ha-1 of P, 85 kg ha-1 of K, 151 kg ha-1 of Ca, and 27 kg ha-1 of Mg. Worth mentioning, it represented also a deposition of 6.85 Mg ha-1 of dry substance. Even when pruned at its mid-height, the sunn hemp still provided 60% of nutrients relatively to the treatment in which it was cut at soil level. In addition to the nutrient supply, the use of taro intercropped with sunn hemp cut at soil level or pruned at mid-height represented efficient alternatives for controlling the spontaneous vegetation and for reducing taro leaf burning by solar radiation, without compromising the yield of taro. In all intercropping systems, taro plants had a larger leaf area and were taller than plants in monoculture.

Abstract:

ABSTRACT Intercropping using legumes is one of the ways to protect the main crop, and in long term improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil. The aim of this work was to evaluate the intercropping of Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott (taro) and the tropical legume Crotalaria juncea L. (sunn hemp), cutting sunn hemp at ten periods during the cycle. The experiment was carried out under field conditions between 09/23/2010 and 06/04/2011. It consisted of 11 treatments related to the 10 cutting times of sunn hemp (55, 70, 85,100, 115, 130, 145, 160, 190, and 220 days after sowing - DAS) plus a control of taro with no sunn hemp. During the cycle, taro was evaluated for plant height and incidence of leaf burn. At the time of cutting the sunn hemp, the plant height, fresh and dry matter masses, and nutrient content of the biomass were calculated. During taro harvest, we evaluated the productivity of the mother rhizomes and classified the cormels. Taro plants shaded by sunn hemp showed a lower incidence of leaf burn. The sunn hemp cut from 145 DAS onwards affected the yield of comercial rhizomes and total and agroeconomic indexes. Sunn hemp cut up to 130 DAS provided better performance of taro, without compromising productivity and economic indicators, with the highest amounts of N and K observed in the biomass cut at 115 DAS.

Abstract:

SUMMARYDrought tolerance mechanisms of three taro landraces (Dumbe Lomfula (DL), KwaNgwanase (KW) and Umbumbulu (UM)) were evaluated under field conditions Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, over two summer seasons. Taro was slow to emerge (~ 49 days) and showed significant differences between landraces with respect to final emergence with DL never achieving a good crop stand. Growth (plant height, leaf number and LAI), VGI, SC and CCI were significantly lower under rainfed (RF) than irrigated conditions. RF conditions resulted in significantly lower biomass, HI, and final yield of taro landraces compared to irrigated conditions. The UM landrace avoided drought through increased stomatal regulation, lowering chlorophyll content, smaller canopy size and reduced growth period. It is concluded that among the three landraces, UM is suitable for production under water stress conditions, because it exhibited drought avoidance and escape mechanisms.

Abstract:

Taro starch was modified and used as an alternative encapsulant for the microencapsulation of Lactobacillus plantarum SU-LS 36 by spray drying. Modification of taro starch was conducted by heat moisture treatment (HMT) and 2 autoclaving-cooling cycles (AC-2C). Microencapsulation of L. plantarum SU-LS 36 by spray dryer was done at constant air inlet (125 °C) and outlet temperature (50 °C), feed flow rate (4 mL min^–1), drying air flow rate (20 m3 h^–1) and air pressure (0.196 MPa). The modified taro starch AC-2C as an encapsulant material was able to produce round-shaped microcapsules and provided optimal protection during spray drying. The modified taro starch AC-2C is very promising to be used as an encapsulant for L. plantarum SU-LS36 since it showed better production yield (40.19%), high encapsulation efficiency (89.83%), protected the encapsulated bacteria from high temperature (70 °C), and showed the lowest viability decreasing during storage up to 6 weeks at room temperature.

Abstract:

The experiment was carried out in 2020, under high plastic tunnels conditions, using the tomato hybrid Prekos F1 and aimed to evaluate the efficacy of different combinations of fungicides with insecticides for complex control of pathogens Alternaria solani (early blight), Fulvia fulva (leaf mold) and pests Tuta absoluta (tomato leaf miner) and Helicoverpa armigera (cotton bollworm). The experimental variants were: 1. Cabrio Top 0.2% + Coragen 0.0175%; 2. Cabrio Top 0.2% + Voliam Targo 0.08%; 3. Dagonis 0.1% + Coragen 0.0175%; 4. Dagonis 0.1% + Voliam Targo 0.08%; 5. Cidely Top 0.1% + Coragen 0.0175%; 6. Cidely Top 0.1% + Voliam Targo 0.08%; 7. Ortiva Top 0.1% + Coragen 0.0175%; 8. Ortiva Top 0.1% + Voliam Targo 0.08%; 9. Untreated control. Six foliar treatments were applied at 10- days intervals. The efficacy of these combinations of fungicides with insecticides was assessed according to the degree of attack (%) for Alternaria solani, Fulvia fulva and Tuta absoluta or according to the frequency of the attacked fruits (%) for Helicoverpa armigera and was between 85.0% and 90.7%. The highest yields were registered in variants 1 (Cabrio Top 0.2% + Coragen 0.0175% - 5,535 kg/m2), 3 (Dagonis 0.1% + Coragen 0.0175% - 5,440 kg/m2) and 2 (Cabrio Top 0.2% + Voliam Targo 0.08% - 5,362 kg/m2) as compared to 4,490 kg/m2 in the untreated control variant. The differences of yield, obtained in addition to the untreated control variant, were very significant in all cases.

Abstract:

The microclimate of Great Northern (GN) dry bean lines with diverse plant architecture was investigated in terms of white mold (WM) incidence and yield. A split-plot design was used with protected (3 weekly sprays of benomyl 0.9 KG HA-1 after flowering) and unprotected treatments as main-plots and GN lines as sub-plots in a WM nursery (1990, 1991). Canopy density, erectness, leaf area index, and plant characteristics were measured. `Starlight' (upright) and `Tara' (prostrate) were selected for detailed microclimate studies. An infrared thermometer, humidity sensor, and a thermistor were placed within the canopy at the advent of flowering. Leaf wetness and its duration were estimated by the leaf temperature in combination with air temperature and dewpoint temperature. `Starlight' showed later and shorter duration of leaf wetness, lower humidity, and WM and higher yield than `Tara'. Severe WM and reduced yields occurred also on all other susceptible entries with dense prostrate plant habits in the unprotected plots. Fractal analysis was done on the images of the canopy to quantify the light interception within the canopy.

Abstract:

Abstrak. Penanggulangan limbah organik baik limbah domestik maupun limbah industri menjadi suatu hal yang sangat penting untuk dikembangkan karena jumlah limbah atau sampah organik sejalan dengan pertumbuhan jumlah penduduk di Indonesia. Salah satu limbah organik yang banyak dihasilkan dari produksi makanan adalah kulit talas Bogor. Limbah kulit talas ini kami konversi menjadi bioetanol dengan metode fermentasi menggunakan ragi tape yang mengandung saccharomyces cereviceae dengan variasi lama fermentasi 4,6,8,10 dan 12 hari. Hasil fermentasi kemudian dipisahkan dengan metode destilasi dan didapatkan berat jenis destilat 0,8483 gr/mL. Dari penelitian ini didapatkan destilat bioetanol sebanyak 79 mL dengan yield 14,68%. Dengan demikian limbah kulit talas memiliki potensi untuk konversi biomassa menjadi bioetanol yang merupakan salah satu bahan bakar alternative yang ramah lingkungan. Kata kunci: limbah kulit talas Bogor, fermentasi, bioetanol Abstract.[ Utilization of Bogor Taro Skin Waste (Colocasia Esculenta) As an Alternative Energy Source of Bioethanols] The handling of organic waste both domestic waste and industrial waste is a very important thing to be developed because the amount of waste or organic waste is in line with the growth of the population in Indonesia. One of the many organic wastes produced from food production is Bogor taro skin. We convert taro skin waste into bioethanol by fermentation method using yeast tape containing saccharomyces cereviceae with long fermentation variations 4,6,8,10 and 12 days. The results of fermentation were then separated by a distillation method and obtained by the specific gravity of distillate 0.8483 gr / mL. From this study, 79 mL bioethanol distillate was obtained with a yield of 14.68%. Thus taro skin waste has the potential to convert biomass into bioethanol which is one of the alternative fuels that is environmentally friendly. Keywords: Bogor taro skin waste, fermentation, bioethanol

Abstract:

SUMMARYPhotosynthesis and biomass production by millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and taro (Colocasia esculenta) grown under baobab (Adansonia digitata) and néré (Parkia biglobosa) was studied at Nobéré (Burkina Faso) with the aim of optimising parkland systems productivity. Millet yielded the highest biomass under Baobab and the lowest biomass was recorded in the zone close to the tree trunk of néré. In contrast, the biomass of taro was higher in heavy shaded zones under néré and the zone close to baobab's trunk. The two crops showed an increasing trend of photosynthesis rate (PN) from tree trunk to the open area. However, the increase in thePNof taro from tree trunk to the open field was lower compared to that of millet. By increasing its leaf area index (LAI) under shade, taro displayed higher biomass production under tree compared to the open area while an opposite trend was observed in millet. The high millet biomass production under baobab could be explained by light availability and the reduction of temperature under shade compared to the open field. The adaptation of taro to shade by increasing its LAI and thus avoiding drastic reduction inPNunder shade resulted in better biomass production under heavy shade. Therefore, it was concluded that by replacing millet with taro under dense tree crowns the productivity of agroforestry parkland systems could be increased.

Abstract:

The present study was carried out to know the performance of growth, yield contributing characters, and reaction against insect pests and disease on chickpea genotypes at Jute Research Program, Itahari, Sunsari, Nepal. A total of twelve chickpea genotypes were sown in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications and each replicate had 10 lines with an inter and intra row spacing of 40 cm and 10 cm respectively. It is of great interest to consider the per se performance of different genotypes on various characters of economic importance, particularly earliness, plant height, nodule number, pod number, seed diameter, 100 seed weight, seed yields, pest and disease incidence. The genotypes ICCV-87312 showed earlier in flowering and maturity while the genotypes KWR-108 and Tara showed the highest and lowest plant height respectively. Likewise, the yield and yield components of overall pooled mean performance of chickpea genotypes ICCV-840508-38 born the maximum pod number, seed diameter, hundred seed weight, and seed yields. With respect to pest incidence, genotype KWR-108 was found to be less susceptible while genotype Tara was found to be more susceptible against pest damage (pod damage). Similarly, the genotypes ICCV-87312 found to be less susceptible while genotypes ICCV-98937 were found to be more susceptible against fusarium wilt disease among the tested genotypes. On the basis of the mean performance of yield components and biotic stress components observed in the present study, the five genotypes viz., ICCV-840508-38, ICCV-98933, KPG-59, ICCV-87312, and KWR-108 were found to be superior genotypes. Therefore, farmers and chickpea producers around study areas and similar agro-ecologies can use those genotypes for chickpea production as well as these materials can be used for the further breeding programs too.

Abstract:

Microsatellite-containing sequences were isolated from enriched genomic libraries of taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott). The sequencing of 269 clones yielded 77 inserts containing repeat motifs. The majority of these (81.7%) were dinucleotide or trinucleotide repeats. The GT/CA repeat motif was the most common, accounting for 42% of all repeat types. From a total of 43 primer pairs designed, 41 produced markers within the expected size range. Sixteen (39%) were polymorphic when screened against a restricted set of taro genotypes from Southeast Asia and Oceania, with an average of 3.2 alleles detected on each locus. These markers represent a useful resource for taro germplasm management, genome mapping, and marker-assisted selection.Key words: Colocasia esculenta, microsatellite-enriched genomic library, simple sequence repeats, germplasm characterization.

Abstract:

Taro is an important tropical tuber crop, used as a staple food or subsistence food by millions of people in the developing countries. A program was done to analyze and identify the same promising 20 selected local and Indian accessions taro, aiming at the characterization of the extent and distribution of genetic diversity using morphological marker with the define objectives ‘to find genetic variability amongst the 20 taro genotypes collected from different agro-climatic zones in India, in respect of plant physical (like length of main sucker, no of petioles, length of leaf lamina, wt. of side tuber, number of side tuber, estimated Corm yield, breadth of leaf lamina)’. The present study revealed that the genetic diversity recorded through physical parameters corresponded with the genetic diversity revealed through molecular data analysis. On the basis of D2 statistics the 20 genotypes were grouped into six different clusters (I-VI). Most of the local taro genotypes collected from different locations (BCC-1, BCC-2, BCC10, BCC15, BCC18, BCC-21, BCC24 and BCC-25) were placed in Cluster II with moderate intra cluster distance indicating their closeness, and showed similar phenotypic characters. The genotypes viz. FC-4, FC-11 and PKS-1 were found to distantly relate to other genotypes and were grouped into Cluster III.

Abstract:

Taro, Colocasia esculenta (L) Schott., is a staple food for many people in Africa. Despite the numerous importance of the crop, it still remains an underutilized crop in Ghana with little information on many aspects of the crop, especially agronomic practices. This experiment was conducted to identify the effect of planting distance on growth and yield of two promising taro accessions. The experiment was laid out using the split-plot design arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications in which accessions (BL/SM/80 and BL/SM/16) were used as main plots and three planting distances (1 m × 1 m, 1 m × 0.75 m, and 1 m × 0.5 m) as subplots. Data were recorded on the 4th, 8th, 12th, 16th, 20th, 24th, and 28th week after planting (WAP) for growth parameters while yield data were taken at harvest. The results indicated that plant height (63.4 cm), petiole length (44.0 cm), number of leaves (4.7), leaf length (31.7 cm), and width (20.5 cm) were significantly ( P ≤ 0.05 ) higher in closely spaced plants than widely spaced plants at 4 WAP and 8 WAP for petiole length (70.3 cm) and in the 28th WAP where there was an accession effect on leaf length and number of suckers/plant. The highest corm yield/plant (0.63 kg) and total corm yield/ha (11.7 t/ha) in both accessions were achieved by the medium plant spacing (1 m × 0.75 m) and lower plant spacing (1 m × 0.5 m), respectively. Accession BS/SM/80 recorded the highest total yield/ha of 13.0 t/ha for 1 m × 0.5 m plant spacing. The higher number of suckers (8.1) was recorded by higher spaced plants. From the study, it was seen that growth parameters correlated significantly and positively with yield. It is therefore recommended that farmers in the area and those in similar production areas use a spacing of 1 m × 0.5 m for optimum growth and yield.

Abstract:

Tujuan umum yang ingin dicapai dari penelitian ini adalah 1) untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi pelarut dan waktu pengadukan pada karakteristik glukomanan tepung ubi talas yang diproduksi, 2) untuk mendapatkan glukomanan dengan karakteristik terbaik dari tepung ubi talas. Pelarut yang digunakan adalah etanol pada konsentrasi 50, 60 dan 70% dengan waktu pengadukan 30, 60 dan 90 menit. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok faktorial dengan dua faktor: konsentrasi pelarut dan waktu pengadukan selama ekstraksi tepung ubi talas. Konsentrasi pelarut yang digunakan untuk ekstraksi glukomanan terdiri dari 3 level, yaitu 50, 60 dan 70% (v / v). Waktu pengadukan selama ekstraksi terdiri dari tiga level, yaitu 30, 60 dan 90 menit. Parameter yang diamati adalah rendemen, kadar glukomanan, kadar pati dan kadar air. Penelitian ini terdiri dari 2 (dua) tahap, yaitu pembuatan glukomanan dari tepung ubi talas dan tahap kedua adalah hasil terbaik pada tahap satu yang akan digunakan sebagai bahan edible film buah segar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi pelarut dan waktu pengadukan memiliki pengaruh yang sangat signifikan terhadap kadar glukomanan, kadar air dan interaksinya, tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap kadar pati, rendemen glukomanan. Karakteristik terbaik glukomanan adalah perlakuan konsentrasi pelarut etanol 70% dan waktu pengadukan 90 menit dengan kadar glukomanan 60,166%; kadar pati 0,072%; kadar air 7,313% dan rendemen 9,320% untuk tepung talas. The general objectives to be achieved from this study were: 1) to determine the effect of solvent concentration and stirring duration on the glucomannan character of Taro sweet potato flour produced; 2) to obtain glucomannan with the best characteristics of Taro sweet potato flour. The solvent used is ethanol at a concentration of 50, 60 and 70% with a stirring time of 30, 60 and 90 minutes. The study used a factorial randomized block design with two factors: solvent concentration and stirring time during the extraction of Taro sweet potato flour. The concentration of solvent used for glucomannan extraction consisted of 3 levels, namely 50, 60 and 70% (v / v). The duration of stirring during extraction consists of three levels, namely 30, 60 and 90 minutes. The parameters observed were the yield, glucomannan content, starch content, and water content. This study consisted of 2 (two) stages, namely the manufacture of glucomannan from Taro sweet potato flour and the second stage was the best result in stage one would be used as an edible film chart on fresh fruit. The results showed that solvent concentration and stirring time had a very significant effect on glucomannan content, water content, and interaction and did not significantly affect starch content, the yield of glucomannan Taro flour. The best characteristics of glucomannan were the treatment of 70% ethanol solvent concentration and stirring time of 90 minutes with glucomannan content of 60.116%; 0.072% starch content; moisture content 7.313% and 9.320% yield for Taro yam flour.

Abstract:

Genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficient of taro, (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott.) were estimated for 19 characters. Leaf length, leaf number, LAI, cormel length, corm weight, cormel weight, cormel length showed significant and positive correlation with yield per plant in both genotypic and phenotypic levels. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v43i1.19763 Bangladesh J. Bot. 43(1): 113-117, 2014 (June)

Abstract:

Oil extracted from the seeds ofCaesalpinia spinosa(common name: tara) can be used in a number of applications. In the present study, tara seed oil was obtained by ultrasonic extraction. The effects of different solvents, particle sizes in the ground seed samples, extraction times, ultrasonication powers, extraction temperatures, and liquid–solid ratios on the yield of tara seed oil were investigated. The yield from the ultrasonic extraction was compared with that from traditional Soxhlet extraction. The results showed that ultrasonic extraction could be completed in a shorter time with reduced solvent consumption. The yield of tara seed oil increased with increasing ultrasonication power and extraction temperature. Gas chromatography was used to analyze the fatty acid compositions of the oils extracted by the two methods. The fatty acid compositions of the oils from both extraction methods were similar, which indicates that ultrasonic extraction is a viable alternative means of extraction. It is a rapid, efficient, and simple method for production of lipids from tara seeds.

Abstract:

Abstract.Edible film is a thin layer to protect food which it can be consumed. One of the main components to make edible film is starch, which could be derived from taro tubers. Taro tubers contain high starch content about 70-80% which consists of 5.55% of amylose and 74.45% of amylopectin with yield reach to 28.7%. However, the weakness of starch-based edible film are low resistance to water and low barrier properties to water vapor. One of the recommended hydrophobic biopolymers to improve the film characteristics of starch as well having antimicrobial activity is chitosan. The objectives of this research are to know the interaction and influence of starch concentration from taro tuber and concentration of chitosan on physical and mechanical character of edible film, including thickness, density, transparency, tensile, elongation and water vapor transmission eate (WVTR). The best treatment from first objective will apply on dodol (food made by glutinous rice) substituted by seaweed to know the effect of its application on dodol shelf life (texture analysis, weight loss and microbiology). Therefore this research was conducted in 2 stages and 2 experimental design methods. The first stage was the process of making edible film using Randomized Block Design method and the second stage was the application of edible film using Random Design Complete method. The results of physical and mechanical analysis of edible film based on its effect on the storage of dodol showed that the best treatment was obtained of P3K3 treatment (6% of Taro starch: 3% of Chitosan), P3K1 (6% of Taro starch: 1% of Chitosan) and P3K2 (6% Taro starch: 2% of Chitosan). The application of 3 types of edible films based on the best treatment of dodol substitute of seaweed has significant effects on the value of weight loss, texture and total plate count during the storage period. Effectiveness of edible film in inhibiting damage to dodol was obtained of P3K3 treatment (6% of Taro starch: 3% of Chitosan) with WVTR value equal to 0.189 g / cm2 hour, 0.170 N / mm2 of tensile strength, 0.088% of elongation, 0.160 mm of thickness, 0.151 of density and 0.000 mm-1of transparency.

Abstract:

Taro (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott) is a root crop widely grown in the Tropics. To determine the optimum plot size for taro field trials, fresh and dry weights of individual corms were collected from two field trials conducted under flooded culture and two conducted under upland culture. For a given maximum test plot with a single border row surrounding inner measured plants, all possible combinations of smaller plot sizes were investigated. A plot size was defined as a given number of adjacent plants. A strong linear relationship was found between the natural logarithm of variance of yield and the natural logarithm of plot size. Expressed on the non-log-transformed scale, the point of maximum curvature in this relationship indicates a sudden decrease in advantage to larger plot sizes and is taken as optimum. Calculating maximum curvature mathematically, optimum plot size was 21 inner plants (5.7 m2) for the second flooded trial and 18 inner plants (4.9 m2) for the second upland trial. Another method of estimating optimum plot size minimized the cost per unit of research data by using the index of degree of correlation between neighboring plots. In three of four trials, the optimum plot size ranged from 16 to 24 inner plants (4.3 to 6.5 m2). In this second method, we calculated a non-linear relationship between plot size and outer border plants to estimate the fixed and per-unit cost of a single border row surrounding the inner measured plants. Both methods of calculating optimal plot size sometimes resulted in estimates that exceeded the maximum test plot size for particular field trials, indicating limitations of each method and the importance of managing field trials to ensure uniformity across treatments. No evidence of spatial autocorrelation was found in the corm yield of taro, indicating that the two methods used were adequate in calculating optimum plot size. In addition, we conducted an analysis based on statistical power but found that plot size did not materially affect the power to detect differences between treatments. To our knowledge, this is the first report of optimum plot size for field trials of taro.

Abstract:

This research is a part of research on the study of the glycemic index value of biscuit products from mangrove fruit flour with flour from various of tubers. The tubers used in this study were taro and white uwi. The types of mangrove fruit used were pedada and lindur. The starch content in taro tubers and white uwi can be used to make biscuits. It is known that both pedada (Sonneratia caseolaris) and lindur (Bruguiera ghymnorhiza) flour have anti-diabetic and anti-cholesterol properties. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of the biscuits from the formulation of a mixture of mangrove fruit flour with taro and white uwi tubers. This study used a one-factor completely randomized design with 10 levels of treatment, namely the proportion of mangrove fruit flour types of pedada and lindur and taro and white uwi tuber flour with the formula 0: 100, 10:90, and 20: 80. Biscuit product analysis parameters include proximate, organoleptic analysis, and glycemic index. Measurement of the glycemic index value was carried out in vivo using 22 respondents normal human, healthy, with a blood glucose of 80-100 mg / dL. Blood draws were carried out for 120 minutes at 30-minute intervals. The best biscuits were obtained in the formulation of pedada fruit : taro flour (20: 80), with criteria 84.07%, of yield, 3.72% of moisture content, 3.45% of ash, 4.33% of protein, 7.16% of fat, carbohydrates of 81.34%, 64.39% of starch, the dietary fiber content of 7.69%. Organoleptic test results showed 5.69 of color, the taste of 6.68, texture of 6.54, aroma of 7.13. In vivo test results obtained glycemic index values of 51.46, and glycemic load of 12.90